Editorial

This special edition of the EJKM is a selection of the most significant papers challenging the known paradigms of the Intellectual Capital and showing new perspectives or constructs in this dynamic field of study, presented at the 2^nd European Conference on Intellectual Capital hosted jointly by ISCTE Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, and Polytechnic Institute of Leira, Portugal, 29‑30 March 2010.

Statistics show that 186 abstracts were received for this conference. After the double blind, peer review process only 85 full papers were accepted for publication in the Conference Proceedings. They are the intellectual product of 199 authors, from more than 30 countries from all over the world. Finally, only 72 papers were presented during this conference. Judging by statistics and content of ideas, this was a truly international event contributing to a complex and stimulating knowledge sharing process.

The core mini tracks this year were: Knowledge metaphors, Knowledge dynamics, Intellectual capital and higher education, Intellectual capital and entrepreneurial performance, Intellectual capital amid the global economic crisis of 2007‑2009, and How to introduce and manage intellectual capital in SMEs? They were the main attractors for researchers from all over the world and the main thematic clusters of this conference. The opening keynote address was given by Göran Roos, Intellectual Capital Services, UK, in a captivating manner.

The knowledge structure and the knowledge dynamics model developed by Nonaka and his co‑workers was challenged by new perspectives presented by Eckhard Ammann and Constantin Bratianu in their papers Intellectual capital development by means of knowledge conversions, and A critical analysis of the Nonaka’s model of knowledge dynamics, respectively. Ammann presented in his paper a new construct of the knowledge structure based on a 3D approach and a cube metaphor. The new dimensions are: type, kind and quality. The type dimension contains internal, explicit and external knowledge. The kind dimension contains propositional, procedural, strategic and familiarity knowledge. The quality dimension contains level, structure, automation, modality and generality knowledge. The author extended Nonaka’s spectrum of conversion processes with the explicitation process, designed to transform the internal latent or conscious type of knowledge into explicit knowledge. From a different angle, Bratianu demonstrated the limitations of the known Nonaka’s model of knowledge dynamics. Using ideas from thermodynamics, he considered that a real knowledge transfer can be performed only from a higher level of knowing toward a lower level of knowing. The SECI knowledge cycle does not respect this axiom, leading to a knowledge perpetuum mobile. Also, instead of the tacit knowledge‑explicit knowledge dyad used by Nonaka, Bratianu suggested the new cognitive knowledge‑emotional knowledge dyad, emphasizing the importance of the emotional knowledge in the managerial decision making. Stimulated by the metaphorical analysis promoted by Daniel Andriessen in the Intellectual Capital domain, Tiit Elenurm presented the paper Knowledge as an open space. This metaphor appeared in the knowledge sharing process, in the context of using functional interfaces between the internal organizational knowledge and the external field of knowledge.

Strategic thinking and decision making in the context of the organizational intellectual capital is the framework for another group of papers. Christine van Winkelen and Jane McKenzie presented An IC‑based conceptual framework for developing organizational decision making capability. The purpose of this paper was to identify the main factors that will enable knowledge managers to help build decision making capability in their organizations able to support the dynamics between the internal and external business environment. This capability may develop into a dynamic capability if the decision makers learn from their own experience as the external environment becomes more turbulent and unpredictable. Recognizing the strategic importance of the Intellectual Capital, Annie Brooking presented in her paper On the importance of managing intangible assets as part of corporate strategy a practical method that enables management to share the story, called The Dream ticket method. As high technology companies tend to manifest value by way of intangible assets it makes sense to develop a corporate strategy that grows and develops these assets. The challenge is to figure out which assets to develop and how to do it for maximum value. From the same strategic perspective on valuing knowledge assets, with application in the energy systems domain is the paper Valuing knowledge assets in renewable energy SMEs: some early evidence, elaborated by Maria Weir, Robert Higgins, Giovanni Schiuma, Antonio Lerro and Daniel Prokop. This paper presented a four‑step methodology for valuing organizational knowledge and organizational intellectual capital, focused on the Scottish Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the renewable energy sector.

Finally in this issue, there are three papers dealing with a larger perspective of the intellectual capital, beyond the organization borders. Florida Matos, Albino Lopez, Susana Rodrigues and Nuno Matos considering a larger business referential system ask themselves Why intellectual capital management accreditation is a tool for organizational development? Stimulated by other fields of business, the authors make a critical exploration of intellectual capital management accreditation as a factor inducing dynamic innovation in SMEs. Kei Mertins, Markus Will and Cornelia Meyer present in their paper Analysing and enhancing IC in business networks: results from a recent study some specific problems concerning intellectual capital networking, like: reasons, enablers and barriers. The German approach presented in this paper aims at displaying the German business landscape based on its intellectual capital, and to show its configuration of a whole group of companies. Carol Yeh‑Yun Lin and Leif Edvinsson performed a very interesting research, stimulated by the generic question What national intellectual capital indices can tell about the global economic crisis of 2007‑2009? Their approach is based on integrating significant indicators into a representative set for the intellectual capital of a country, and on a comparative analysis of 40 countries from all over the world.

Constantin Bratianu

Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

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Intellectual Capital Development pp181‑192

Eckhard Ammann

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An approach for intellectual capital development in an organisation is given. It is based on a new conception of knowledge and knowledge dynamics and raises the notion of knowledge conversions to the level of intellectual capital domains. Intellectual capital development can be modelled with this approach by means of general transformations between domains and between appropriate parts of these domains, which themselves are refined and modelled with general knowledge conversions. To attain this approach, a new conception of knowledge and knowledge dynamics is introduced. The knowledge conception is represented by a knowledge cube, a three‑dimensional model of knowledge with types, kinds and qualities. The type dimension addresses the internal‑external aspect of knowledge, seen from the perspective of the human being. The kind dimension distinguishes various knowledge kinds like propositional or procedural knowledge. Finally, in the quality dimension, several quality measures of knowledge are given. Built on this conception, knowledge dynamics is modelled with the help of general knowledge conversions between knowledge assets. A set of basic knowledge conversions is given in a way, such that more complex general conversions may be easily gained by building on this set. Through this conception, we gain a sound basis for knowledge management and development in an enterprise. Raising this knowledge development approach to the more strategic and resource‑oriented intellectual capital level in an organisation, general transformations between the three main intellectual capital domains (individual competence, internal and external structure) and between parts of them can be described. With their help a model for intellectual capital development is gained: In a top‑down approach, general transformations of intellectual capital are broken down to the notion of general knowledge conversions. This leads to development of the intellectual capital, i.e. to value creation in a company. To indicate the applicability of our approach, an example for the development of customer relations capital is given.

Keywords: intellectual capital development, transformations of intellectual capital, intangible resources, value creation, conception of knowledge, knowledge conversions

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A Critical Analysis of Nonakas Model of Knowledge Dynamics pp193‑200

Constantin Bratianu

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The purpose of this paper is to present a critical analysis of the well known knowledge dynamics model elaborated by Ikujiro Nonaka and his co‑workers. The essence of this model consists of three layers of the knowledge‑creation process: (a) the process o

Keywords: explicit knowledge, knowledge conversion, knowledge creation, knowledge dynamics, tacit knowledge

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Knowledge as Open Space pp201‑208

Tiit Elenurm

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Keywords: knowledge metaphor, open space, knowledge sharing, self-regulation, knowledge management prerequisites, intellectual capital

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An IC‑based Conceptual Framework for Developing Organizational Decision Making Capability pp209‑216

Christine van Winkelen, Jane McKenzie

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Keywords: decision making, knowledge management, intellectual capital, dynamic capabilities

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On the Importance of Managing Intangible Assets as Part of Corporate Strategy pp217‑224

Annie Brooking

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Keywords: intellectual capital, SMEs, IC methodology, strategic business planning

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Valuing Knowledge Assets in Renewable Energy SMEs: Some Early Evidence pp225‑234

Maria Weir, Robert Huggins, Giovanni Schiuma, Antonio Lerro, Daniel Prokop

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Abstract

It is widely recognized that knowledge‑based resources and assets are fundamental to performance improvement and organizational value creation. Limited progress has been made, however, in valuing and managing organizational knowledge in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating in the renewable energy sector. This paper provides first insights of an ongoing research project managed by the Intellectual Assets Centre in Scotland, in order to support the adoption of knowledge asset management initiatives for driving the improvement of value creation mechanisms of SMEs operating in the renewable energy sector. We employ research related to resource‑based and knowledge‑based theory and performance measurement and management, to gain a better understanding of how Scottish SMEs operating in the renewable energy industry acquire and manage knowledge assets in their bid to improve performance and value creation. Using a sample of organizations from the Scottish renewable energy sector we draw first insights about their perception and orientation to identifying, measuring and managing knowledge, and to qualitatively identify a feasible set of knowledge resources and assets potentially driving performance improvement. The first evidence indicates an awareness of the relevance of the knowledge‑based factors, and engagement in knowledge acquisition and creation processes. These firms possess a good endowment of knowledge assets, with significant internal knowledge management processes, but also external inflows from agents such as firms and education or research institutions. However, the visible lag in the exploitation of knowledge assets and processes, together with observed under‑financing of the sector and difficulty in accessing skilled labor, indicates the need for efforts to better address specific needs of renewable energy sector SMEs.

Keywords: renewable energy, renewables, intellectual capital, knowledge asset management, Scotland, SMEs

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